Natural Language OS (NL-OS): An OS written and executed in natural language (zenodo.org)

The Adapted International Edition of the Natural Language OS (NL-OS) whitepaper — an optimized, globally readable rewrite supervised by Masaya Ochiai — has been released. Unlike the Literal English Edition, this version restructures and clarifies the original Japanese text while preserving its technical intent. It formalizes the “Language-as-Code” paradigm: treating natural language not just as descriptions but as executable, system-level code, and positions NL-OS alongside related projects (ArcOS, PolyAgora, Echoos) as part of a broader OS-like stack for LLM-driven systems. Technically, the paper lays out a three-layer NL-OS architecture: a Persistent Layer for durable state and data models, a Runtime Layer for executing language-defined behaviors and workflows, and a Meta Layer for reflection, policy, and self-modification. This framing has direct implications for AI/ML research and engineering — enabling reproducible prompt-programs, tighter integration between LLMs and system resources, and clearer semantics for safety, orchestration, and debugging. As part of the NL-OS Foundation Series (Original Japanese, Literal English, and this Adapted International Edition), the document aims to ground future implementations and research directions for natural-language-driven operating environments.